Tag: audio

DIY Audio Project #1 | Tube Saturator with Baxandall EQ (Part 3): Design and Order PCB Circuit

Hello, I’m Jooyoung Kim — an audio engineer and music producer.

Lately, I’ve been so tied up with outside commitments that I feel like I’ve neglected my own music projects. After visiting the exhibition by artists Chungha Ester Lim and Inguen Nam last time, I found myself reflecting quite a bit. Today, I went back again to see the works and reset my mindset.

I’m juggling a lot of different things, so time is always tight—but even if I have to carve it out little by little, I need to make it happen. The same goes for this blog.

Anyway, today’s post continues from the previous one and focuses on the PCB fabrication process.

Once the schematic design is complete, the next step is translating it into a PCB layout. At its most basic, a PCB consists of two layers: the first layer carries the signal traces, and the second layer serves as ground. However, in audio equipment with a high component count, two layers may not be sufficient. In my case, I had to distribute multiple DC voltage rails throughout the circuit, and several chips had many pins that required careful routing. As a result, I designed the main board as a four-layer PCB, while the power supply board remained a two-layer design.

The issue—if I didn’t mention this in the previous post—is that even if everything looks perfect in the schematic, it doesn’t automatically translate cleanly onto the PCB.

If you look at the top-right area of the schematic, you’ll see link indicators for the op-amps and IC chips. Clicking one of those opens a window where you have to manually assign the correct physical package for each component. This is called a footprint.

To assign the correct footprint, you need to carefully cross-check each part against its datasheet and match the exact specifications. Honestly, that process nearly drove me crazy. After soldering everything together, I discovered about three problematic spots. I managed to fix them with some creative rework, but since I also had to revise the EQ bypass section anyway, I ended up redesigning the PCB and placing a new order. The thought of desoldering everything and starting over again is… thrilling, to say the least.

And even after that, you’re still not done. Once everything is set up, clicking the PCB editor icon opens the layout window.

From there, you import all the assigned footprints. When they first load, they appear scattered randomly across the board.

I had around 150 components on the main board alone, so seeing them all clumped together at once was a bit overwhelming.

From that point on, it’s a lot of manual routing. For the ground plane, there’s no need to manually connect traces—filling the ground layer with copper automatically connects everything. For the power supply board, however, I kept it to two layers to reduce costs, so I cleared certain copper areas and routed the power traces manually. In the main board, I also removed copper around the high-voltage tube section to help minimize potential noise issues.

Once the layout is complete, you run a final design rule check. You’ll see a list of errors and warnings. If certain warnings are triggered by intentional design decisions, you can ignore them—but everything else should be reviewed carefully. In my case, I found a few unconnected traces that I had missed.

After that, you define the board outline using the Edge.Cuts layer. Then you go to File → Plot, select all the required layers, and generate the fabrication files. Since the plotted files don’t include drill data, you also need to export a separate drill file.

I ordered my PCBs from JLCPCB. After compressing all the generated files into a single ZIP archive and uploading it, you can preview the board before placing the order. There’s also a DFM (Design for Manufacturability) check that identifies potential production issues or design mistakes. It seems the manufacturer performs an additional review after you place the order as well.

Once the boards arrive, all that’s left is soldering. For distributing multiple voltage rails, I had a custom toroidal transformer made. Since the design includes vacuum tubes, higher voltages are required—far beyond what a simple adapter can provide. Toroidal transformers also tend to be more resistant to ground-related noise.

In the next post, I’ll talk about the case fabrication and the final assembly process. I’ve already sent out the enclosure drawings, and since the PCB has been revised, the final installment may take a bit longer to publish. In the meantime, I’ll think about what topic to cover next.

See you in the next post!

DIY Audio Project #1 | Tube Saturator with Baxandall EQ (Part 2): Simulation

Hello, this is Jooyoung Kim — an audio engineer and music producer.

I ended up taking on way more classes than I expected this semester…
and honestly, just preparing for them is killing me. Haha. Every day feels like it disappears while I’m organizing lecture materials… 😢

And somehow, it’s already been almost two weeks…!

Today, following up on my previous post, I’d like to talk about running simulations.

Alright—let’s get started!

To run simulations in KiCad, you need a library file for each component.

The file extension is .lib.
As an example, here’s roughly what the library file looks like for a potentiometer (variable resistor) I created:

* Logarithmic Potentiometer Subcircuit (A-type taper)
.SUBCKT DUAL_POT_10K_LOG 1 2 3 4 5 6 SET=0.5 VALUE=10k
* Unit A (Log curve: 10% resistance at 50% rotation)
Ra1 1 2 {VALUE*(1-pow(10, -SET))+0.001}
Ra2 2 3 {VALUE*pow(10, -SET)+0.001}
* Unit B
Rb1 4 5 {VALUE*(1-pow(10, -SET))+0.001}
Rb2 5 6 {VALUE*pow(10, -SET)+0.001}
.ENDS

For components that are already built into KiCad, these libraries are applied automatically.

But for components that aren’t, you have to double-click the part, go to the component properties, click Simulation Model, and manually add everything… one by one.

Yeah… that part alone ate up a lot of time. 😅

For the audio output stage, you can simply exclude the XLR jack from the simulation. If you connect it to ground through a large resistor, you can still simulate the audio signal at the output.

Simulation isn’t exactly… simple.

You need to supply DC where DC is required, and AC where AC is required. When checking frequency response and phase response, you’ll need to apply an AC sine signal to both the hot and cold sides.

What’s especially annoying is that every single pin must be connected. If even one pin is left floating, KiCad will keep throwing errors.

Personally, once the circuit is mostly finalized, I find it easier to copy it into a separate file and run simulations there.

Yes, you can exclude individual components from simulation, but…
if there’s an oscillator in the schematic, things get messy again when moving on to PCB layout. 😓

Anyway—once all the libraries are properly set up, you can click the oscillator-looking icon in the top-right corner. That will bring up the simulation window.

If you click the play button in the top-left, a settings window appears where you choose what and how you want to analyze.

Since we’ve attached an AC 1 V source to observe frequency and phase response,
we’ll select AC analysis. With just these settings, you can already see the response clearly.

Now, if playback actually works, it feels amazing. But realistically… it probably won’t work on the first try. (It definitely didn’t for me.) If it doesn’t run, something is disconnected, or a library is wrong—and you’re in for a lot of fixing.

One important thing: if you’ve broken out pins separately for XLRs or DC/AC wiring, you must make sure they’re excluded from the simulation.

You can do this by right-clicking, then selecting Attribute → Exclude from Simulation. The same Attribute settings can also exclude things from board or component configurations.

Simulation is critically important—and you shouldn’t only check the final stage. Especially for processors with multiple stages, you need to verify that the signal behaves correctly at each step.

If impedance isn’t handled properly, the signal simply won’t flow the way you expect—and that will happen. Also, if you want to view signals in an oscillator-style analyzer, you’ll need to switch from AC analysis to Transient analysis.

This is also a convenient place to check for phase inversion.

And if you see signals that don’t line up properly here… welcome to modification hell. 😄 While running simulations to write this blog post… I literally just realized a major mistake.

I already ordered the PCB and finished soldering everything… so yeah, I’m screwed. Haha.

Resistor values are easy enough to change, but everything else was fine—until I noticed that bypassing the EQ flips the phase… and I only realized this now. 😭😭

The final THAT chip is a 16-pin device, but I used an 8-pin footprint and bought an adapter socket. Unfortunately, I placed two of them way too close together, so I’ll probably have to desolder and reposition them.

Including the power section, there must be around 180 components total… I’ll likely have to order a separate Ver.2 PCB later and migrate everything over. 😢

Anyway—this is exactly why simulation matters.

One more important thing: in simulations, op-amps are assumed to be ideal. Because of that, in Transient analysis, you won’t see distortion even at maximum dB levels. You need to keep this limitation in mind when interpreting results.

After all that, it’s time to move on to PCB design.

Apparently, this is often called “art” or “artwork.”

And honestly… there’s no grind quite like this kind of grind. If I include PCB layout as well, this post will get way too long, so I’ll wrap things up here for today.

See you again in the next post! 😊

Black Friday Sale Summary: 2025 Virtual Instruments & Mixing Plugins

Hi! This is Jooyoung Kim, a mixing engineer and music producer. Black Friday is right around the corner, so, as I did last year, I’ll summarize all the plugin sales that I want to recommend for composing, mixing, and mastering music.

This post is not sponsored by any of the plugin companies listed. However, I have an affiliate partnership with Plugin Boutique, so, I’ll provide their purchase links alongside my explanations for any plugins they offer. Furthermore, purchasing through the provided link earns me a small commission that helps support this content..^^ (It’s really hard to make a living these days…haha..)

Then… Let’s start!

1) WAVES

I always recommend plugins made by waves to people around me. While their update plan policy is incredibly frustrating, it certainly doesn’t detract from the quality of their plugins. Additionally, they usually offer significant discounts during the Black Friday season.

Click image to purchase WAVES’ Horizon bundle

I highly recommend the Horizon Bundle. This bundle features 93 plugins, all of which are highly versatile. The price is only $219(Tax Included), leaving no reason not to recommend it.

Specifically, the CLA series, the Renaissance Compressor, and the H-Delay are my favorites.

2) UAD (Universal Audio Digital)

Universal Audio has lots of useful plugins too. The LA-2A series, the 1176 series and the chamber reverbs are definitely my go-to plugins from UAD.

Click image to purchase 10 UAD plugins

I own quite a few UAD plugins, and they were really expensive before Universal Audio launched the native versions. Additionally, the 10-plugin bundle was also very pricey, if I recall correctly. However, for this Black Friday sale, you can get 10 plugins for only $108.90 (Tax Included). I must admit, I find that a little unfair….^^. It’s a really great deal, so I highly recommend grabbing this opportunity.

If you haven’t had any experience with UAD plugins, I will select my top 10 recommended plugins for you.

  1. Teletronix LA-2A Leveler Collection
  2. 1176 Classic Limiter Collection
  3. API 2500 Bus Compressor
  4. Teletronix LA-3A Classic Audio Leveler
  5. EMT 250 Classic Electronic Reverb
  6. Fairchild Tube Limiter Collection
  7. Pultec Passive EQ Collection
  8. UAD Sound City Studios
  9. Hitsville Reverb Chambers
  10. Lexicon 224 Digital Reverb

3) IK Multimedia

Unfortunately, IK Multimedia already concluded its “Group Buy” event last month, so it is unlikely there will be any additional sales during Black Friday. However, I have written about IK Multimedia’s virtual instruments and mixing plugins previously, so, if you have an interest in this company, please read this article.

Introducing IK Multimedia Total Studio 4 Max (75% Off Until 12/2)

4) Arturia

Arturia offers a wide range of virtual instruments and mixing plugins. They boast significantly high quality, tthe only drawback is their high CPU usage. However, as CPU processing speeds have grown rapidly, I believe this is no longer a critical issue.

Click image to purchase Arturia’s V collection 11
Click image to purchase Arturia’s FX Collection 5

The price of the V collection 11 is $383.90 (Tax Included), and the FX Collection 5 is $273.90 (Tax Included).

I have written reviews before, if you have an interest, please read these articles.

Arturia FX Collection 5 Overview & Sale (50% Off, Until December 10th)
Arturia V Collection X: Introduction and Black Friday Sale (50% Off Until 12/10)

5) Brainworx

Click image to purchase Brainworx’s plugins

Brainworx was founded by Dirk Ulrich, the same individual who established Plugin Alliance. They offer superb mixing plugins with remarkably good quality. They are also remarkably affordable, so you should definitely consider purchasing their plugins if you have a limited budget.

Click image to purchase Brainworx’s bx_digital V3

Specifically, I recommend the digital EQ, the bx_digital V3, from Brainworx. At just $11 (including tax), it is incredibly useful for identifying the frequencies where resonances occur.

6) Celemony -Melodyne

Click image to purchase Melodyne

I currently use three main pitch correction plugins: Auto-Tune, Melodyne, and Revoice Pro. However, I find Melodyne to be the most intuitive plugin. I use it on almost every project.

The Studio version is now $301.40 (Tax Included).

7) Native Instruments

Native Instruments sells a lot of virtual instruments. Their Komplete bundle is their most famous, and it features a 50% upgrade discount during Black Friday.

Click image to purchase Komplete 15 upgrade

8) Cableguys

I think you need Cableguys’ plugins if you want to create a modern-sounding track. Recently, many producers and composers are making the source audio groovy, and these grooves are created through artificial manipulation.

Cableguys’ plugins are made for these purposes.

I recommend Shaper Box 3 (at $97.90 including tax). Also if your budget is larger, the Cableguys bundle (at $163.90 including tax) is a great choice.

9) Eventide

Eventide’s reverb plugins are truly irreplaceable. The Blackhole reverb and the ShimmerVerb reverb are strongly recommended.

10) BFD Drums

Click image to purchase BFD 3.5

I love the BFD drum plugin. My main drum VST is BFD, and their sounds are exceptional. While it has a steep learning curve, once you understand its complexities, it will provide truly realistic drum sounds.

The drum sounds on this song were created using BFD drums.

The basic components are quite good, but I highly recommend buying the London Sessions expansion pack.

BFD 3.5 is currently only $42.90 (tax included), and the expansion pack is only $20.90 (tax included). I strongly recommend these two products.

11) iZotope

Click image to purchase iZotope

iZotope offers famous plugins like the RX and Ozone series. They also have excellent reverb plugins. Currently, they are offering a 40% discount on their bundle upgrades.

12) Plugin Alliance

Click image to purchase Plugin Alliance’s plugins

Since a certain point, Plugin Alliance began including tax when they sell their products to international customers on their website. Therefore, there is no compelling reason to buy their plugins directly from their website. You can earn points and free plugins when you purchase plugins through Plugin Boutique. Thus, I highly recommend purchasing them there instead.

My favorites include the Maag EQ4, the SPL series, and the Bettermaker C502V plugins.

I believe that covers all the main recommendations. There are still a few plugins I would like to recommend, but they are either not currently on sale or have fully transitioned to subscription models (like Musio 1).

Honestly, these days, I feel that plugins are not the most crucial factor in music production. The ideas and concepts are the most important aspects. Sound design and engineering are just the finishing touches to the music.

So, if you want to make meaningful music, I would advise against spending a lot of money on plugins you might use in the future. Just buy what you need now.

Then.. have a nice Black Friday season!

I Earned the Stage Sound Engineer Level 3 Certification

Hello, this is Jooyoung Kim—sound engineer and music producer.

In Korea, there is a government-issued certification called Stage Sound Engineer (Level 3, 3 is the first (or beginner) level, followed by 2 and 1.).
It doesn’t have a direct equivalent in the US, UK, or Canada, but you can think of it as something like a formal audio engineering license, proving both practical and theoretical knowledge in live sound.

As I’ve been working in the audio field, I realized that while practical skills are essential, having an official certification also helps when listing credentials on a résumé. For a long time, I wasn’t sure if it was worth pursuing—but I figured if I didn’t get it this year, it would only become harder later. So, I decided to take the exam.

Studying for the Written Exam

I had already bought some textbooks back when I ambitiously wanted to “master all of audio engineering.”
Unfortunately, the exam content had been updated recently, which meant my older materials were out of date.

At first, I tried to get by without buying the new edition, but after checking last year’s exam questions, I realized too many things had changed. So, I finally bought the updated books just two days before the exam and studied them intensely.

In total, I prepared for about ten days—definitely a crash course. The audio-related parts were manageable thanks to my background, but the legal regulations and stage-specific terminology were quite difficult. Memorization has never been my strong suit (even in English vocabulary study these days, I struggle a lot!).

I didn’t go through the entire book cover to cover, but I solved past exams one set per day and focused on reviewing the parts I got wrong. It was a very “efficient cramming” strategy.

The Practical Exam

Since much of the practical portion overlapped with my usual work, I didn’t need to prepare too heavily.

The main part was a listening test: adjusting pink noise with a 15-band graphic EQ to balance different frequency ranges, and identifying test tones across the EQ bands.

Because I couldn’t find a simple 15-band graphic EQ plugin anywhere, I actually built one myself as a VST3 and AU plugin. If anyone needs it, I uploaded it here:

🔗 GitHub – JYKlabs/15-Band-Graphic-EQ

Mac users can simply extract the files and place them in /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/VST3 and /Library/Audio/Plug-Ins/Components.

Windows users can place the VST3 file in their VST3 plugin directory. (Since I only built it on Mac, I haven’t tested it on Windows yet.)

The plugin is extremely minimal—no extra features, just a straightforward EQ.

During the actual exam, there were 10 listening questions in total. The first five (identifying effects) were fairly easy, but the last five (detecting EQ adjustments applied to music or noise) were much harder. Since the exam environment was different from my usual studio setup, I struggled a bit.

Also, I tend to think of EQ in terms of musical intervals, but the test was structured entirely in octave relationships, which threw me off at first.

Still, since passing only required 6 correct answers out of 10, I managed to make it through. Thankfully, my hearing was in decent condition that day (sometimes ear fatigue can really mess me up).

Final Thoughts

Unlike in South Korea, many Western countries don’t offer official government-issued certifications specifically for live or stage sound engineering. Instead, recognition and credibility often come from trusted industry certifications, educational credentials, or portfolio evidence.

For example, the Certified Audio Engineer (CEA) credential from the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) is well-regarded and requires both experience and passing a technical exam. For those focused on live sound, programs like Berklee’s Live Events Sound Engineering Professional Certificate offer structured, practical training.

Even if you already have solid skills, it can sometimes be difficult to secure projects or convince clients without something official to show. That’s where certifications and structured programs help: they provide a clear, external validation of your abilities and open doors that pure experience alone may not.

At the end of the day, audio work is unpredictable: sometimes you’re mixing in a studio, other times you’re troubleshooting live sound under pressure. The more prepared you are, the easier it is to adapt.

Thanks for reading, and I’ll see you in the next post!